Gulating biofilm production for Serratia species, as described above. Furthermore
Gulating biofilm production for Serratia species, as described above. Moreover, Shanks and other individuals discovered that the oxidative strain response transcription issue OxyR plays a function in S. marcescens biofilm formation (346). It is actually theorized that biofilm production plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of S. marcescens, while in one study by Pinna and other individuals, isolates of S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens recovered from soft make contact with lensrelated corneal ulcer cases did not generate biofilms. Rather, it was thought that exoenzymes created by S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens may play a function in keratitis (308). Enzymes Developed by Serratia Species Although the ShlAB hemolysin of S. marcescens is speak 
to dependent, an extracellular hemolysin was described in 989 and was recently characterized (53, 35). This hemolysin, PhlA, has phospholipase A activity (35). PhlA will not apparently have direct cytolytic activity; nevertheless, it acts upon phospholipid and produces lysophospholipid, which was cytolytic for human, horse, and sheep red blood cells and the HeLa and 5637 cell lines (35). S. marcescens as well as other Serratia species produce several other enzymes, including PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12172973 metalloproteases, gelatinase, and alkaline protease, that could allow the organism to bring about infections, particularly illnesses in the eye (256, 308). Many proteases are described in a critique by Matsumoto; the described proVOL. 24,SERRATIA INFECTIONSTABLE 4. Antibiogram of S. marcescens susceptibilities at 3 different Army medical facilities, in MedChemExpress A-1155463 Pierce County, WA, from two MYSTIC surveys, and in the TEST surveySusceptibilityh (n) Antibiotic Madigan Healthcare Technique (0)a Pierce County, WA (339)b Tripler Army Healthcare Center (38)c Walter Reed Army Medical Center (29)d MYSTIC Program European data (95)e TEST U.S. data (427)f MYSTIC Program U.S. information (45)gAmikacin Cefepime Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone Ciprofloxacin Gentamicin Imipenem Levofloxacin Meropenem Piperacillintazobactam Tobramycin Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazolea b98 00 00 97 95 98 97 00 00 97 96NR NR 00 98 9 99 98 95 NR 98 9700 00 99 99 94 99 00 98 NR 97 900 00 00 97 90 00 00 97 NR 95 79 NRNR NR 93.9 NR 92.3 96.7 99.5 NR 00 88.7 9.5 NR98.six 96.0 92.three 9.8 NR NR 00 93.7 98.3 95.8 NR NRNR 97.9 98.six 95.9 9.7 NR 97.2 95.9 97.2 93.eight 9.7 NRCombined information for 2008 to 200. Madigan Healthcare System is located in Tacoma, WA. 2009 data. c Combined data for April 2009 to April 20. Tripler Army Medical Center is located in Honolulu, HI. d 200 information. Walter Reed Army Medical Center is located in Washington, DC. e 2007 information on European health-related centers from the MYSTIC Plan (386). Information are for the following Serratia species: S. marcescens (70 isolates), S. liquefaciens (9 isolates), unidentified Serratia species (3 isolates), S. fonticola (two isolates), and S. odorifera ( isolate). f 2007 data on U.S. health-related centers from the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST) (4). g 2008 data on U.S. medical centers from the MYSTIC Plan (38). Data are for the following Serratia species: S. marcescens (9 isolates), S. liquefaciens (five isolates), and unidentified Serratia species (2 isolates). h NR, not reported.teases have an effect on defenserelated humoral proteins and several forms of tissue cells (256). A not too long ago described metalloprotease from S. grimesii, grimelysin, is proteolytic for actin (46). E. coli that expressed grimelysin was able to invade Hep2 cells, so this metalloprotease might enable bacterial internalization into eukaryotic cells (47). ANTI.