Drial Coccidia Species Medicine Laboratory, Center free of charge Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USAart ic l e i nf oArticle history: Received 30 December 2013 Accepted 30 December 2013 Accessible on line 10 January 2014 Search phrases: Reserve FGFR2 Storage & Stability capacity Oxidative strain Metabolic shift Biomarker Leukocytes Plateletsa b s t r a c tThe assessment of metabolic function in cells isolated from human blood for treatment and diagnosis of disease is really a new and significant location of translational analysis. It can be now becoming clear that a broad array of pathologies which present clinically with symptoms predominantly in a single organ, including the brain or kidney, also modulate mitochondrial energetics in platelets and leukocytes permitting these cells to serve as “the canary in the coal mine” for bioenergetic dysfunction. This opens up the possibility that circulating platelets and leukocytes can sense metabolic pressure in individuals and serve as biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in human pathologies for example diabetes, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular illness. Within this overview we’ll describe how the utilization of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation differs in platelets and leukocytes and discuss how they could be utilized in patient populations. Considering the fact that it is actually clear that the metabolic applications between leukocytes and platelets are fundamentally distinct the measurement of mitochondrial function in distinct cell populations is vital for translational analysis. 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological functions and metabolic applications of platelets and leukocytes . . . . Leukocytes and platelets as systemic biomarkers of metabolic stress . . . . . . . New approaches to measuring cellular bioenergetics in leukocytes and platelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cellular mitochondrial physiology and glycolysis in platelets and leukocytes . Differential glycolytic and oxidative metabolism in leukocytes and platelets . Future outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disclosures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .