ed such a profile in boys. Having said that, we observed this profile in girls but with a non-monotonic dose-response pattern. In our population study, 7 (four.four ) from the 159 girls showed a slight increase in TSH levels to between four.five and 6.6 mIU/L, with strictly standard free thyroid hormone levels. The clinical importance of such a slight boost in plasma TSH levels (below ten mIU/L) plus the precise upper limit of the standard range for plasma TSH levels continues to be debated (45, 46). Despite the fact that we can not predict the clinical significance of our observations, the all-natural history of slight TSH elevations in healthful youngsters who have been not getting drugtreated show spontaneous normalization of TSH IDO2 web values (47). The biological mechanisms by which chlordecone could affect the thyroid axis are nevertheless unknown. A series of in vivo studies reported thyroid disruption in embryo and adult uncommon minnows exposed to chlordecone (48). Even so, complementary in vitro and in silico experiments showed only weak potency for the interaction of chlordecone with thyroid-related proteins (including thyroid receptors a and b) and recommended that thyroid alterations may very well be attributed to its interactions with ERs (48). Therefore, the observed thyroid alterations in fish might have resulted in the wellrecognized estrogenic activity of chlordecone. Whether or not a similar biological mechanism by which chlordecone could influence the thyroid axis in humans, and possibly differentially according to sex, is however to become established.Metabolic HormonesWe did not observe any association in between in utero chlordecone exposure and metabolic hormone levels for BRPF2 Formulation either sex in our study population. To date, no experimental or toxicological studies have addressed the question of achievable relationships betweenFrontiers in Endocrinology | frontiersin.orgNovember 2021 | Volume 12 | ArticleAyhan et al.Chlordecone and Hormones in ChildrenTABLE 6 | Associations among in utero (cord blood) chlordecone exposure and steroid hormone concentrations at seven years of age in young children from the TIMOUN cohort. Hormone Sex(N) Chlordecone ( /L) or ORc DHEAbUnadjusted 95 CI P or ORc Ref. 0.26 0.54 0.39 0.04 Ref. 0.18 0.36 0.22 0.08 Ref. 1.81 three.70 1.17 0.99 Ref. 0.81 3.20 1.13 1.08 Ref. 1.07 three.22 1.33 1.12 Ref. 1.89 3.28 1.96 1.25 Ref. 0.65 1.14 1.05 1.00 Ref. 0.72 1.36 0.88 1.Adjusteda 95 CI P(nmol/L) (log10)Boys (124)Girls (161)DHT c(LOD vs LOD)Boys (124)Girls (161)Testosterone c(LOD vs LOD)Boys (124)Girls (161)Estradiol c(LOD vs LOD)Boys (124)Girls (161)0.07 0.07-0.19 0.20-0.40 0.40 Log10 0.07 0.07-0.19 0.20-0.40 0.40 Log10 0.07 0.07-0.19 0.20-0.40 0.40 Log10 0.07 0.07-0.19 0.20-0.40 0.40 Log10 0.07 0.07-0.19 0.20-0.40 0.40 Log10 0.07 0.07-0.19 0.20-0.40 0.40 Log10 0.07 0.07-0.19 0.20-0.40 0.40 Log10 0.07 0.07-0.19 0.20-0.40 0.40 LogRef. 0.20 0.54 0.37 0.05 Ref. 0.20 0.41 0.29 0.09 Ref. 1.97 three.69 1.16 0.99 Ref. 0.80 2.64 1.05 1.07 Ref. 1.02 2.29 0.94 1.03 Ref. 1.67 3.11 2.09 1.27 Ref. 0.70 1.10 1.03 0.99 Ref. 0.67 1.26 0.90 1.-0.31; 0.72 0.06; 1.03 -0.12; 0.86 -0.08; 0.17 -0.16; 0.55 0.06; 0.75 -0.07; 0.64 0.004; 0.18 0.67; five.78 1.29; ten.56 0.43; 3.15 0.77; 1.28 0.31; 2.03 0.88; 7.90 0.40; 2.79 0.83; 1.37 0.34; three.04 0.84; six.23 0.33; two.63 0.80; 1.33 0.68; 4.06 1.27; 7.62 0.83; 5.09 1.01; 1.61 0.17; 2.81 0.33; 3.61 0.30; three.52 0.73; 1.36 0.27; 1.62 0.53; three.00 0.37; two.19 0.84; 1.0.44 0.03 0.13 0.47 0.27 0.02 0.11 0.04 0.22 0.02 0.77 0.96 0.63 0.08 0.92 0.63 0.97 0.11 0.90 0.82 0.26 0.01 0.12 0.04 0.61 0.88 0.96 0.96 0.37 0.60 0.82