Al and towards the most serious braking in conjunction with the feasible
Al and towards the most extreme braking in conjunction with the feasible braking regions for two distinctive grip coefficients, dry (brightdifferent sce are shown in Figure 12, where the braking forces are reported for two solid blue lines) and wet (bright Tenidap Protocol strong magenta lines). Additional, in both plots, the mechanical in addition to the VBIT-4 Protocol identified braking regions forwhile different grip coefficients,are (brig feasible by the red strong line, two the limit hybrid braking loci dry braking loci are blue lines) andgreen solid line, strong magenta lines). Additional, in both plots, the mec identified by the wet (bright and red stars indicate the hybrid braking initial values. braking loci are identified byFigurereditsolid line, while the limit hybrid braking Comparing the two circumstances shown within the 12, might be observed that braking force remains continuous when the green strong is 20 (Left), although it indicate the hybrid red line, identified by thestopping time line, sand red stars increases parallel to thebraking initial keeping the electric braking continuous when Comparing the two situations shown in serious braking is needed. The two circumstances Figure 12, it may be observed that braking fo are also reported around the electric generator efficiency maps (Figure 13), where it might be mains continuous when the stopping timeduringsthe braking manoeuvre as vehicle noticed that the electrical efficiency decreases is 20 (Left), when it increases parallel to line, maintaining the electric braking continuous when extreme braking is necessary. The two speed and motor speed reduce. tionsThe subsequent graphs present thethe electricresults at many beginning speeds and stopping wher are also reported on entire set of generator efficiency maps (Figure 13), occasions. Figure 14 shows the fraction of recovered energy, in % with respect to the be noticed that the electrical efficiency decreases throughout the braking manoeuvre as car kinetic energy. It may be observed that very best energy recovery is accomplished as a speed and motor speedconditions: when braking is also intense, the contribution of reduce. compromise among two electric brakes is low for the reason that braking happens in the upper a part of the braking region (Figure 6). Conversely, when braking action is too low, the majority of the car power is dissipated by passive forces: this result is evident at starting speed of 25 km/h, where power recovery reaches its maximum value at stopping time of 10 s and falls to zero when stopping time is elevated to about 38 s. Precisely the same trend can also be observed at other speeds. The maximum recovery (about 40 ) could be reached at intermediate starting speeds, from about 50 km/h to 100 km/h, when at larger speeds, the rising aerodynamic losses usually cut down the recovered power. The second graph (Figure 15) reports the braking distance for the circumstances analysed, evidencing the situations of very best power recovery for each and every beginning speed. The black points show that the most beneficial recovery is accomplished at intermediateEnergies 2021, 14,11 ofEnergies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER Overview Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW12 of 17 12 ofbraking distances for every beginning speed. Optimal braking distances range from a few meters, at 25 km/h, to about 1 km, at 150 km/h.Figure 12. (Left) Braking forces (red star) in the finest conditions and (Suitable) in the lowest stopping time (starting at red Figure 12. 12. (Left) Braking forces(red star) at the finest situations and (Suitable) at the lowest stopping time (beginning at red star red Figure (Left) Braking forces (red.