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Sotiropoulos et al. Acta Neuropathologica Communications (2017) 5:91 DOI 10.1186/s40478-017-0489-REVIEWOpen AccessAtypical, non-standard functions on the microtubule connected Tau proteinIoannis Sotiropoulos1,2* , Marie-Christine Galas3*, Joana M. Silva1,two, Efthimios Skoulakis4, Susanne Wegmann5, Mahmoud Bukar Maina6, David Blum3, Carmen Laura Sayas7, Eva-Maria Mandelkow8, Eckhard Mandelkow8, Maria Grazia Spillantini9, Nuno Sousa1,two, Jesus Avila10,11, Miguel Medina12,13, Amrit Mudher14 and Luc BueeAbstract: Since the discovery in the microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) over 40 years ago, most studies have focused on Tau’s function in microtubule stability and regulation, at the same time as on the neuropathological consequences of Tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains. In current years, having said that, investigation efforts identified new interaction partners and various sub-cellular localizations for Tau suggesting extra roles Recombinant?Proteins CLM9/CD300g/CLM9 Protein beyond its regular function as microtubule regulating protein. Moreover, in spite of the increasing investigation concentrate on AD over the last decades, Tau was only lately regarded as as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of AD too as for neurological pathologies beyond AD e.g. epilepsy, excitotoxicity, and environmental anxiety. This review will focus on atypical, non-standard roles of Tau on neuronal function and dysfunction in AD and also other neurological pathologies giving novel insights about neuroplastic and neuropathological implications of Tau in both the central as well as the peripheral nervous technique. Key phrases: Tau, Alzheimer’s illness, Neuronal function, Pathology, Nucleus, Dendrites, Synapse, Subcellular localization, Tau isoformIntroduction Contemplating the rising interest of diverse research fields around the role of Tau in brain function and pathology in and beyond Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and also the current focus on Tau-based therapeutic approaches, the 1st EuroTau Meeting was organized in Lille, France on April 27 and 28 April 2017. The meeting attracted several clinical and simple Tau researchers all CRTAM/CD355 Protein Human through Europe delivering a one of a kind forum to discuss and exchange tips and hypotheses. The meeting facilitated the integration on the diverse findings implicating Tau in neuronal physiology and pathology. Through the conference, a round table discussion was held to go over the emerging numerous atypical, non-standard functions of Tau protein in the sense of divergence from its cytoskeletal association and beyond AD since it is summarized within this assessment report.Atypical/non-standard functions of TauTau protein and brain pathology From previous to present* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Life and Overall health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Health-related School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal 3 Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, 59000 Lille, France Full list of author details is availa.