Sed around the picture: It really is crowded) six.2.1. Age Markers: Neologisms, Dysfluencies, Off-Topic Comments, and False Starts Age E4CPG web Markers didn’t differ for H.M. versus the controls. The mean variety of neologisms was 0.00 per TLC response for H.M. versus a mean of 0.03 for the controls (SD = 0.05), a non-reliable 0.60 SD distinction with Ns too modest for meaningful evaluation. Dysfluencies (“um”s and “uh”s) have been no more prevalent for H.M. than the controls. The mean variety of “um”s per TLC response was 0.00 for H.M. versus 0.34 for the controls (SD = 0.52), a non-reliable difference. The mean number of “uh”s per TLC response was 0.10 for H.M. versus 0.48 for the controls (SD = 1.04), a non-reliable 0.37 SD distinction. The imply number of off-topic comments per response was 0.10 for H.M. versus 0.36 for the controls (SD = 0.42), a non-reliable 0.63 SD difference. False begins or adjustments in an ongoing responseBrain Sci. 2013,(excluding error corrections) were no much more popular for H.M. than the controls. The mean quantity of false begins per response was 0.10 for H.M. versus 0.06 for the controls (SD = 0.07), a non-reliable 0.86 SD distinction. six.two.two. Elaborative Repetitions, Stutters, and Unmodified Word String Repetitions The imply variety of elaborative repetitions per response was 0.25 for H.M. versus 0.04 for the controls (SD = 0.05), a trusted four.20 SD difference. The imply variety of stutters per response was 0.1 for H.M. versus 0.24 for the controls (SD = 0.21), a non-reliable 0.67 SD difference. The imply variety of unmodified word string repetitions per response was 0.1 for H.M. versus 0.06 for the controls (SD = 0.07), a non-reliable 0.57 SD distinction. 6.three. Discussion 6.3.1. Minor Retrieval Errors H.M. produced no additional minor retrieval errors involving phrases, words, or phonological units than the controls in Study 
2C (see also [20,32]). These results suggest that H.M.’s mechanisms for retrieving and sequencing phrases in sentences, words in phrases, and phonological units in syllables are intact, constant with (a) his undamaged frontal cortex (see [72]), and (b) extensive evidence indicating that retrieval mechanisms are localized in frontal regions, e.g., Chang et al. [73], exactly where particularly localized higher gamma (HG, 7000 Hz) activity in the prefrontal cortex right away preceded and PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21336546 apparently determined response-related retrieval of distinct target phonemes (for additional proof consistent having a frontal locus for retrieval mechanisms, see [74]). six.3.two. Age Markers: Neologisms, False Begins, Dysfluencies, and Off-Topic Comments H.M. developed no much more neologisms, false starts, dysfluencies and off-topic comments than memory-normal controls in Study 2C, final results that rule out exaggerated effects of aging as the basis for H.M.’s communication deficits since these phenomena boost reliably with aging (see e.g., [620]). These findings, with each other with H.M.’s typical rate of minor retrieval errors, also rule out aphasia, because left hemisphere aphasics create reliably a lot more neologisms, dysfluencies, and retrieval errors than typical controls (see e.g., [758]). The close parallels between H.M.’s deficits in language and visual cognition (see [31]) also render implausible the hypothesis that H.M.’s language deficits reflect incipient or difficult-to-detect left- but not right-hemisphere white matter harm (see [72]). What then from the preliminary observations that raised the query of whether or not H.M. exhibits compound category-specific aphasia, with a lot more neo.