Ed using mangrove habitats.populations (Rasolofo and are hence heavily exploited throughout the nation. Their management is hampered by a complicated legal framework and they’re poorly represented inside the country’s protected area system; consequently,their extent declined by between and (Jones et al Amongst the faunal groups that could be expected to utilize Madagascar’s mangroves are primates,as Madagascar is among the richest nations for primate diversity,with species,representing of worldwide specieslevel and of global familylevel richness (Mittermeier et al Nonetheless,there remains no evidence of any mangrove specialist lemur species. Till recently our know-how of mangrove use by lemurs consisted of a HOE 239 site number of scattered reports; even so,two recent critiques have expanded our understanding significantly. Nowak located reference to 4 lemur species utilizing mangroves,whilst Donati et al. collected reports concerning species representing four from the 5 extant families. Here I expand around the work of these authors using the most thorough and systematic review yet conducted on mangrove use by lemurs. Though published observations of lemurs in mangroves are few,I hypothesized that lemurs might have been observed inside this habitat by observers that enter mangroves for factors other than primate study,and that any such observations might remain unpublished owing to their anecdotal nature. I as a result carried out a mixedmethods assessment designed to retrieve both published and unpublished reports.MethodsTo look for published observations,I carried out a systematic literature look for the terms lemur mangrove and primate mangrove in relevant on the web databases and search engines like google (Academic Search Comprehensive,BioOne,Directory of Open AccessC. J. GardnerJournals,Google Scholar,PrimateLit,Scopus,and Internet of Science). I also searched for the term mangrove inside the NOE D database of articles on all-natural history in Madagascar (comprising publications in the period,IUCN Red List web pages for all lemur species,and all volumes of Lemur News obtainable in searchable PDF format (volumes . To locate unpublished observations,I compiled a database of individuals (including researchers,conservation nongovernmental organization staff,and tour operators as well as other tourism pros) who might have spent time in or close to mangroves in Madagascar,and sent them a targeted facts request by e mail. Respondents have been asked to fill out an internet survey or perhaps a uncomplicated information sheet (each obtainable in English and French; Electronic Supplementary Material) for any observations they had made,and to share the request inside their experienced networks. I also posted the data request around the Madagascar Environmental Justice Network,an online forum of members at the time of posting. I collated each of the relevant PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28497198 data I retrieved inside a database in Microsoft Excel but did not carry out additional analyses because of the opportunistic,i.e nonsystematic,nature of all observations. Much of Madagascar’s lemur diversity (particularly amongst nocturnal genera) is cryptic,preventing accurate field identifications to species level. I tentatively assign observations of such genera to species on the basis of recognized distributions from Mittermeier et al. .ResultsI identified references to,or observations of,mangrove use by a minimum of lemur species,representing all 5 extant lemur families (Cheirogaleidae ,Lepilemuridae ,Lemuridae ,Indriidae ,and Daubentoniidae (Table I; Fig Of those,species haven’t previously b.