Art and Simmen discovered only certainly one of three focal Midecamycin groups of Eulemur macaco at Ampasikely to include mangroves within their territory,and only in certainly one of three years,though Chris Birkinshaw (pers. comm.) studied this species in Nosy Be for months with out ever observing mangrove use,and villagers in Ankazomborona state that E. macaco doesn’t enter mangroves despite the fact that it really is typical in adjacent degraded habitat (C. Gardner unpubl. data). Hence mangrove use may well take place in some components of a species’ variety but not in other individuals. To get a modest number of species mangrove use could be typical behavior,but even then only for any restricted population inside the species’ ranges. By way of example,mangroves are said to be the preferred habitat of Propithecus coronatus at Antrema (Roger and Andrianasolo,and had been reported from there by four respondents within this study,when P. coquereli was reported to use mangroves at 4 unique sites. Nevertheless,mostC. J. Gardnerof these species’ ranges lie away from coastal and estuarine places,and at inland web pages the animals are restricted to deciduous dry forests (Andriamasimanana and Cameron ; KunRodrigues PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20048438 et al. ; Rakotonirina et al Likewise mangrove use by Lemur catta has been extensively reported from south of Toliara (Donati et al. ; Sauther et al. ; Scott et al. ND),although this may very well be the only region within the array of the species in which mangroves happen. Though most observations had been produced at or close to the edge of mangrove stands this can be probably to reflect sampling bias,as their dense development and regular inundation render mangroves much less difficult to travel previous,on the landward or seaward side,than to travel through. Thus these data really should not be regarded as proof that lemurs tend only to use mangrove edge habitats. Indeed,observations of Microcebus cf. ravelobensis,Mirza zaza,and Lepilemur cf. grewcockorum at distances of km in the nearest dry land demonstrate that these species penetrate deep into mangrove stands. Whereas the former have been frequently observed in an area exactly where mangroves are contiguous with intact native forest,the adjacent vegetation at Antsahampano where Microcebus cf. mamiratra and Mirza zaza had been observed consisted of coconut plantations and nonnative scrub,even though the landscape surrounding the mangrove in which Lepilemur cf. grewcockorum was observed is completely deforested. The absence of contiguous native forest cover from these regions suggests that the observed populations are not dependent on sourcesink dynamics and the immigration of individuals from areas of larger excellent habitat (Pulliam,but are in actual fact in a position to keep viable populations inside the mangrove. However,it should not be assumed that these populations will remain viable in the lengthy term mainly because there could possibly be time lags related with the impacts of landscape deforestation around mangroves,as well as the remaining lemur populations may perhaps thus be carrying an Bextinction debt^ (Hylander and Ehrl ; Kuussaari et al It has been hypothesized or demonstrated that lemurs as well as other primates might use mangroves as a refuge following loss of,or disturbance to,preferred habitats (GalatLuong and Galat ; Gauthier et al. ; Nowak. While the presence of lemurs in mangroves lacking adjacent terrestrial habitats might be taken as proof in help of this hypothesis,we cannot infer that mangroves are suboptimal habitat since we don’t know whether or not these species also utilised mangroves when connecting terrestrial forests remained. If mangroves do function as refuge habitats for some nocturn.