E use of ECT, insulin shock, and lobotomy as effective methods of treatment and sought to present a positive public image for these interventions. This was the same year in which the Percy Report was published by the British Government which buy EPZ-5676 eventually led to the Mental Health Act 1959. At the same time, laboratory research into psychiatric illness, which was less in the public eye and not so clearly directed by institutional changes, began to focus on the study of chemical and electrical processes in the brain, rather than the entire body. Again, this was part of the general trend to establish psychiatry as a specialist branch of science, distinct from psychology, biology, and general medicine. One research path which quickly gained momentum was neurochemistry. Juda Quastel, based at the research laboratories of Cardiff City Mental Hospital largely funded by the Rockefeller institute, investigated the effects of barbiturates on brain metabolism during the mid-1930s (Michael, 2010). At the same time, Derek Richter was also conducting similar work at the Biochemical Laboratory at Cambridge University. Along with Hermann Blasehko, he succeeded in purifying the enzyme that catalyzed the oxidation of epinephrine. They also conducted work on serotonin and dopamine. In 1938, Richter joined the research laboratories at the Maudsley began to conduct similar work with Golla (Gaull, 1996). Richter later claimed that it was Mapother who had brought together clinical psychiatrists and neuroscientists and that this had encouraged research in neurochemistry (Richter Healy, 1995).JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DOI 10.1002/jhbsORGAN EXTRACTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHIATRYIn many ways, the studies of brain metabolism which developed at the Maudsley from the late 1930s onwards were directly related to previous research in endocrinology. As neurochemical research increased in psychiatric circles, Otto Loewi’s 1921 identification of a substance in the peripheral nervous system, later termed acetylcholine, grew in importance. As Richard Noll has pointed out, researchers initially used the terms “neurohormones” and “neurohumors” to describe internal secretions of nerve cells and the term “neuro-transmitter” did not begin to be used until the 1960s (Noll, 2006). Neurochemical researchers such as Richter always retained a clear interest in endocrinology. After moving to the Mill Hill Emergency Hospital during the war, Richter published a study of metabolic processes and endocrine order ZM241385 disturbances in cases of insanity (Richter, 1944). R. E. Hemphill, director of clinical services at Bristol Mental Hospital, also continued to work on endocrine disturbances, publishing regularly in the Journal of Mental Science (Hemphill, 1944). In 1950, Richter edited a volume of essays on Perspectives in Neuropsychiatry that had been presented to Golla by past pupils and associates on his 70th birthday and which included a paper by Hemphill on endocrine disturbances (Richter, 1950). However, psychiatric research in biochemistry was increasingly restricted to the study of the brain as psychiatry became an increasingly specialized discipline in the postwar period. British psychiatric researchers’ focus on the brain was driven by professional and institutional interests. Researchers such as McDougall already had quite developed theories of neurochemistry. McDougall’s Physiological Psychology includes a sophisticated description of chemical transmissions through.E use of ECT, insulin shock, and lobotomy as effective methods of treatment and sought to present a positive public image for these interventions. This was the same year in which the Percy Report was published by the British Government which eventually led to the Mental Health Act 1959. At the same time, laboratory research into psychiatric illness, which was less in the public eye and not so clearly directed by institutional changes, began to focus on the study of chemical and electrical processes in the brain, rather than the entire body. Again, this was part of the general trend to establish psychiatry as a specialist branch of science, distinct from psychology, biology, and general medicine. One research path which quickly gained momentum was neurochemistry. Juda Quastel, based at the research laboratories of Cardiff City Mental Hospital largely funded by the Rockefeller institute, investigated the effects of barbiturates on brain metabolism during the mid-1930s (Michael, 2010). At the same time, Derek Richter was also conducting similar work at the Biochemical Laboratory at Cambridge University. Along with Hermann Blasehko, he succeeded in purifying the enzyme that catalyzed the oxidation of epinephrine. They also conducted work on serotonin and dopamine. In 1938, Richter joined the research laboratories at the Maudsley began to conduct similar work with Golla (Gaull, 1996). Richter later claimed that it was Mapother who had brought together clinical psychiatrists and neuroscientists and that this had encouraged research in neurochemistry (Richter Healy, 1995).JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DOI 10.1002/jhbsORGAN EXTRACTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHIATRYIn many ways, the studies of brain metabolism which developed at the Maudsley from the late 1930s onwards were directly related to previous research in endocrinology. As neurochemical research increased in psychiatric circles, Otto Loewi’s 1921 identification of a substance in the peripheral nervous system, later termed acetylcholine, grew in importance. As Richard Noll has pointed out, researchers initially used the terms “neurohormones” and “neurohumors” to describe internal secretions of nerve cells and the term “neuro-transmitter” did not begin to be used until the 1960s (Noll, 2006). Neurochemical researchers such as Richter always retained a clear interest in endocrinology. After moving to the Mill Hill Emergency Hospital during the war, Richter published a study of metabolic processes and endocrine disturbances in cases of insanity (Richter, 1944). R. E. Hemphill, director of clinical services at Bristol Mental Hospital, also continued to work on endocrine disturbances, publishing regularly in the Journal of Mental Science (Hemphill, 1944). In 1950, Richter edited a volume of essays on Perspectives in Neuropsychiatry that had been presented to Golla by past pupils and associates on his 70th birthday and which included a paper by Hemphill on endocrine disturbances (Richter, 1950). However, psychiatric research in biochemistry was increasingly restricted to the study of the brain as psychiatry became an increasingly specialized discipline in the postwar period. British psychiatric researchers’ focus on the brain was driven by professional and institutional interests. Researchers such as McDougall already had quite developed theories of neurochemistry. McDougall’s Physiological Psychology includes a sophisticated description of chemical transmissions through.