Ene expression, suggesting that the enzyme is constitutively expressed. Based on the physiological observations both on plate and in liquid culture, combined with the absence of these genes, we hypothesized that pyruvate oxidase activity would play a pivotal role in the acetate and CO2 supply for the cell. Indeed, a pox-deletion derivative of L. johnsonii did not display a higher growth rate under aerobic conditions in the absence of acetate, such as observed in the wild type strain. Moreover, whereas the wild type strain continued toFigure 7. Acetate requirement of a Dpox mutant. Growth rate of L. 22948146 johnsonii NCC 533 in the standard chemically defined medium with 12926553 (panel A) and without 12 mM Na-acetate (panel B) in stirred pH controlled aerobic batch cultures (open bars) or anaerobic batch cultures (closed bars). Growth rates were determined as explained in Materials Methods. Data are average of triplicate experiments (panel A) and duplicate experiments (panel B) 6 standard error of the mean. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057235.gOxygen Effect on Lactobacillus Growth Requirementsgrow upon a switch to CO2 depletion, growth of the mutant stagnated at a lower biomass concentration. The observed time 
lapse between the onset of flushing with CO2 free gas and the actual CO2 depletion of the system is most likely due to the slow removal of all carbonic species at a pH higher than 6.1 (the pKa of carbonic acid). Both results show that, in contrast to the wild type, the pox-mutant has lost the ability to aerobically generate CO2 and acetate. This corroborates the proposed role of pyruvate oxidase in the generation of C1 and C2 metabolic intermediates. It was observed that the pox mutant has a lower growth rate, both aerobically and aerobically. Although it can be argued that under aerobic conditions the pox gene might play a role in protection against its reaction product, hydrogen peroxide by allowing for a faster Chebulagic acid supplier production rate of ATP via the production of acetyl-phosphate and subsequent generation of ATP by acetate kinase [33], this argument does not hold for anaerobic growth conditions. So far, no specific role for POX under these conditions can be brought forward and the cause of the effect of the deletion on growth remains to be elucidated. The major dependency of L. johnsonii on pyruvate oxidase for the supply of these compounds was rather unforeseen since many other pathways are known and present in L. johnsonii that can render CO2 and acetate. Phosphoketolase, for instance, catalyzes the deacetylation of xylulose-5-phosphate which yields acetylphosphate. Similarly, CO2 can be produced through decarboxylation of amino acids, oxaloacetic acid and phosphopantotenoyl. However, acetate and CO2 are both required for growth of L. johnsonii in the absence of oxygen, even though very low concentrations of acetate (,120mM) already suffice for growth. This suggests that the flux through these pathways compared to pyruvate oxidase is marginal. It is uncertain, however, that the lactobacilli that do possess PDH and PFL encoding genes (Supplemental materials, Table S1), can actually Licochalcone-A chemical information employ these pathways for the synthesis of C1 and C2-compounds under aerobic conditions. Literature suggests that L. plantarum does not possess a functional pyruvate dehydrogenase pathway, since acetate production does not require CoA and is not hampered by PDH-inhibitors like arsenate [34,35]. In addition, pyruvate formate lyase activity has been reported to be highly oxyge.Ene expression, suggesting that the enzyme is constitutively expressed. Based on the physiological observations both on plate and in liquid culture, combined with the absence of these genes, we hypothesized that pyruvate oxidase activity would play a pivotal role in the acetate and CO2 supply for the cell. Indeed, a pox-deletion derivative of L. johnsonii did not display a higher growth rate under aerobic conditions in the absence of acetate, such as observed in the wild type strain. Moreover, whereas the wild type strain continued toFigure 7. Acetate requirement of a Dpox mutant. Growth rate of L. 22948146 johnsonii NCC 533 in the standard 
chemically defined medium with 12926553 (panel A) and without 12 mM Na-acetate (panel B) in stirred pH controlled aerobic batch cultures (open bars) or anaerobic batch cultures (closed bars). Growth rates were determined as explained in Materials Methods. Data are average of triplicate experiments (panel A) and duplicate experiments (panel B) 6 standard error of the mean. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057235.gOxygen Effect on Lactobacillus Growth Requirementsgrow upon a switch to CO2 depletion, growth of the mutant stagnated at a lower biomass concentration. The observed time lapse between the onset of flushing with CO2 free gas and the actual CO2 depletion of the system is most likely due to the slow removal of all carbonic species at a pH higher than 6.1 (the pKa of carbonic acid). Both results show that, in contrast to the wild type, the pox-mutant has lost the ability to aerobically generate CO2 and acetate. This corroborates the proposed role of pyruvate oxidase in the generation of C1 and C2 metabolic intermediates. It was observed that the pox mutant has a lower growth rate, both aerobically and aerobically. Although it can be argued that under aerobic conditions the pox gene might play a role in protection against its reaction product, hydrogen peroxide by allowing for a faster production rate of ATP via the production of acetyl-phosphate and subsequent generation of ATP by acetate kinase [33], this argument does not hold for anaerobic growth conditions. So far, no specific role for POX under these conditions can be brought forward and the cause of the effect of the deletion on growth remains to be elucidated. The major dependency of L. johnsonii on pyruvate oxidase for the supply of these compounds was rather unforeseen since many other pathways are known and present in L. johnsonii that can render CO2 and acetate. Phosphoketolase, for instance, catalyzes the deacetylation of xylulose-5-phosphate which yields acetylphosphate. Similarly, CO2 can be produced through decarboxylation of amino acids, oxaloacetic acid and phosphopantotenoyl. However, acetate and CO2 are both required for growth of L. johnsonii in the absence of oxygen, even though very low concentrations of acetate (,120mM) already suffice for growth. This suggests that the flux through these pathways compared to pyruvate oxidase is marginal. It is uncertain, however, that the lactobacilli that do possess PDH and PFL encoding genes (Supplemental materials, Table S1), can actually employ these pathways for the synthesis of C1 and C2-compounds under aerobic conditions. Literature suggests that L. plantarum does not possess a functional pyruvate dehydrogenase pathway, since acetate production does not require CoA and is not hampered by PDH-inhibitors like arsenate [34,35]. In addition, pyruvate formate lyase activity has been reported to be highly oxyge.